Objective: The aim of this research is to provide an integrated approach to assessing and promoting the sustainability of urban parks, in which Hamedan Mardom’s Park was selected as a case study. The methodology involved developing a scalable, flexible, and replicable framework for measuring the sustainability of urban parks.Method: To perform this research, a practical, cost-effective, and accessible framework was designed that could be easily used by park managers and stakeholders using operational data. The assessment was based on the three main pillars of sustainability, i.e., the environmental, social, and economic dimensions, which were divided into 24 indicators and 60 criteria. Each criterion was classified as positive (+) or negative (-) based on its numerical impact on sustainability and was categorized as internal or external. Internal criteria were determined as those that could be directly influenced by park management, while external criteria depended on external factors such as government policies. For each of the dimensions, scores were calculated based on the mean values of the relevant indicators, and each pillar contributed equally to the overall sustainability score.Results: The results showed that Mardom Park in Hamedan, in the time of investigation, had a poor sustainability status, with a total score of 33.29%. The environmental and economic pillars scored higher at 23.80% and 21.43%, respectively, and the social pillar scored 54.66%. Key weaknesses included poor water management, lack of renewable energy use, and inadequate waste management systems. With improvements, the park’s overall sustainability score could increase to 87.96%, highlighting significant potential for improvement.Conclusions: In this study, weaknesses were identified as water resource conservation, renewable energy adoption, and waste management. To improve the sustainability of the studied park, it is suggested that advanced technologies such as rainwater harvesting systems, LED lighting, and composting programs be implemented. These measures can not only have positive environmental impacts but also help to improve the quality and sustainability of the park. Additionally, holding educational workshops on environmental issues can help increase community participation and awareness. Compared to other parks, the park under study performed better from the social aspect, attributed to its open access and inclusive policies.

This project was carried out to study and classify the lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) genotypes during germination and seedling establishment, in Greenhouse and in two stages. First stage was carried out with 43 genotypes and Mardom cultivar of lentil in 4 levels of salinity and 3 replications in factorial experiment in as a completely randomized design in a combination of non-saline and saline soil in the 1, 2-1, 1-1 and 1-2 weight ratios (respectively non-saline soil and saline soil). Second stage was carried out with 3 genotypes and Mardom cultivar of lentil in 4 levels of salinity of NaCl (0, 60, 120, 180 mM) and 3 replications in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design. In this project, some morphological characteristics as well as the content of chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids and proline were evaluated. Analysis of the results showed that as the salinity increased, morphological traits in most genotypes were significantly damaged. For clustering genotypes in the first experiment, cluster analysis and principal component analysis was carried out and genotypes were classified in four different groups. 4 genotypes for second experiment were selected according to the results of cluster analysis. Results showed that there was high diversity in lentil genotypes in response to salt stress, and we can use this diversity in cultivars breeding programs.

Numerous researches have already revealed that Iranians were the first people who located large green spaces in their cities and used them as parks. Nevertheless, most of these spaces were later used for hunting. Even during the Safavid era, Chaharbagh Street in Esfahan was described by travelogues as one of the greatest public green spaces in the world.A look at the old maps, scripts and records shows that the term park was firstly used during the Qajar dynasty instead of bagh in reference to green spaces. It is notable that Tehran’s development was specifically sped up during the reign of Qajari king Nassereddin Shah. Nassereddin Shah, who was the fourth king in the Qajar dynasty, reigned about 50 years and this long term is one of the most important and effective periods in regenerating Iranian new urban life.The development of modern knowledge in Europe and the emergence of new technologies had a significant impact on the Iranian culture and civilization. This later led to great changes to the intact and traditional essence of the Iranian culture. Those changes had been addressed from different points of view by researchers. They accordingly illustrated European cultural effects on Iranian (Persian) architecture and urbanism which is one of the most effective changes in Persian culture. Meanwhile, some Iranian (Persian) gardens which were mainly designed based on Eastern ideologies have changed and obtained new forms over time. The researchers for the first time named these gardens as parks. It is notable that these parks that have been shown in Najmolmolk map of Tehran were not used as public spaces. On the other hand, there were some other green spaces in the city that had the name of Public Gardens and were mostly used as playgrounds. An example of this included Golshan-e-Arg Garden which was generally categorized as Bagh-e-Ammeh or public garden in Persian.The present article later discusses some considerable questions: What are the differences between the ancient Iranian gardens that were called bagh and the green spaces which were named parks? Do these new parks have any relevance to the meaning of parks in European culture (although they have been under the influence of European culture)? What are the differences between new modern Persian parks and the earlier ones that had been built in old Tehran around 150 years ago? Persian gardens which are reputable around the world are studied by both Iranian and foreign researchers. Nevertheless, Iranian parks are not sufficiently been studied. Therefore, the present research is focusing on the first park in Iran’s history called Ammin-o-Dolleh park. The park takes its name from Mirza Alikhan Ammin-o-Dolleh who was one of the noble people in Qajar dynasty and was best known for his academic qualifications and intellectuality. In course of time, after he designed the very first park, other honorable people were also inspired to follow suit in designing parks. The present article begins by explaining the type of the cultural diversions that happened during the Qajar dynasty as well as its influences on the common culture and social relations in Iran. Later, the article highlights the history of the park under study. Based on available documents, such spaces had certain elements that they made them to be called parks on the Najmolmolk map of Tehran. Both Qajar gardens and Persian old parks had private owners, high walls and boundaries that separated the indoor and outdoor spaces. Besides, both of them may have had foreign gardeners. To some extent, they also may have been built based on European designs. Furthermore, the parks had some features that were imported from Europe. Therefore, the difference between Qajar gardens and the first Persian parks are in their geometry. The present article shows that the first Persian parks used organic geometry which was the main difference to the Persian Qajar gardens which used symmetric geometry. The geometry of the design was organic with no axis as was customary to Persian gardens. Even the palace or the main building in the king’s court which was located next to one of the main roads had a different form and style from the Persian design. In addition, these differences were also seen in a number of trees and the landscape designs around them. Accordingly, unlike the modern parks, the first Persian parks were designed with walls that functioned as the boundary for privacy. Based on researches carried out over this issue, even though the very first parks in Tehran had similar names to the existing ones, they have over time developed changes in terms of character, identity, usage and form. Finally, the analysis of the results show that a part of sudden changes in Persian culture occurred as the result of inspirations from Europe especially in art and architecture. These changes eventually made the Persian culture lose a certain degree of its indigenous elements.

This research is an attempt to demonstrate Henrik Ibsen and Jalale Ale Ahmad efforts in showing a society in which women are not regarded in their own identity but as someone others. In this way, Ibsen’s most famous play A Doll’s House and Ale Ahmad’d short story Bacheye Mardom (Child of Others) are studied. Ibsen known as one of the remarkable playwrights whose play A Doll’s House centre around women, and some of his works placed his among the ranks of the prominent feminist dramatists. Ale Ahmad concentrated his unique approach on demonstrating a corrupted male dominant society in which patriarchy forced women to stay in the margins. This research shows that both Ibsen and Ale Ahmad tried to render the crises of identity which arise from the position of their female characters and the women who are imprisoned in a social structure dominated by patriarchal power and values.

A better use of outdoor recreational places could be achieved when the areas are responsive to visitors' socio-psychological needs in addition to other visitors’ needs. In other word, outdoor recreational areas should be designed based on a variety of visitors' socio-psychological needs. These were investigated in Daland Forest Park, Gorgan, Iran as a case study. In this study, socio-psychological characteristics of visitors’ needs to the Park were investigated and then management guidelines for the area were presented based on the results. In doing so, 168 questionnaires filled out in the Park in summer and fall 1391. Questionnaire justifiability was confirmed by two experts and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha. The results show that most visitors to this area are aimed at having mental relaxation. Also, about 72 percent respondents prefer to see collaboration between police forces and park guards for park security management. Chi-square test was used to examine if there is any relationship between sexes with some socio-psychological needs. The results of this study not only reflect the Park status but, they reflect visitors’ expectations of different socio-psychological aspects that can be used for a better park management.

A main part of present literature of state parties carries performance, efficiency and, finally, end of the parties (Mardom and Melliun), while, the main problem of the paper lies in the intention and purpose of those who established them. The question of the paper, therefore, is proposed as: why do authoritarian states establish parties? As findings of the paper show, such parties function as a means to increase the life of despotic states and lengthen their time of government and help their presence in government. On this basis, Mohammadreza Pahlavi, relying on two common particular functions of the parties, that is control and the state of being satisfying and, in more detail, in the shadow of a reconsideration of role of the king, balance of political rivalries, staff-educating and, finally, harmonizing political parties and groups, he prpare the ground for his longer presence in government.

Nowadays one of the most important issues in urban design is providing a valuable situation for women and fulfilling their physical, mental, social and recreational needs. Dealing with amenity issues of women and their active presence in society has necessitated the development of Ladies Parks in many Iranian cities. However, less attention has been paid to recognize women motivations to use such kind of parks and their effects on development of such spaces. Tabriz city is not exceptional among the Iranian cities. The present study aims to identify women motivations to go to Ladies Parks in Sahand, Tabriz. Using a face to face method, 120 visitors of the park were interviewed. The questions were about the reasons and motivations of women to go to the park, impacting factors on their physical health, their favorite activities and correctitude of creating Ladies Park idea. For analyzing the data, SPSS and Excel software were applied. The results of the present study showed that the main factor to motivate the women to use the Ladies Park is doing exercise and sport activities in order to reach the body fitness and weight losing. Also, some other reasons such as unemployment, loneliness, spending leisure time and visiting friends are the internal factors for using the Ladies Park by women of Sahand city. Physical development of social spaces as well as expansion of sport facilities can play an effective role in success of Ladies Parks.